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NATO enlargement is doubtless one of the most important issues in NATO-USA relations and in attitude of American politics towards this organization. Therefore, in dealing with American-European relations within NATO, it is impossible to question the issue of enlargement of this alliance. NATO enlargement towards Central and Eastern European states was originally the major project in seconding NATO’s viability. The purpose of the first enlargement round was regarded by the USA in preservation of NATO as a form of military-political cooperation between the USA and Europe and conservation of American influence on European security along with strengthening Western military potential for resistance of possible, even in post-bipolar era, threats from the East. To this end, and also with the aim of overcoming alarm of many European allies as to Russian attitude towards enlargement, American diplomacy took to creation and consolidation in Western-European and American political discourses of idea on additional NATO’s function as an organization focusing on spread of democratic values and institutions and stabilizing internal political situation in member-countries. North Atlantic Alliance as instrument of promotion of democracy and stability was accepted by the European leaders as indubitably necessary. In that way, having ensured Europeans’ consent to such broadened understanding of NATO’s function, the United States consequently brought the conflict with Russia to acceptable intensity level by providing Moscow with “special status” in its relations with the Alliance, which was fixed in Fundamental Act between Russian Federation and NATO, signed in May of 1997. The current article isn’t aimed at complete revealing of all the details of NATO enlargement process but instead focuses on the principal issues of American policy shift regarding NATO in general and its enlargement in particular. While in the early January of 1994 the text of President’s „State of the Union” speech noted that American security will further depend on the US ability to most effectively ensure democratic development of Eastern European states, in this way putting particular emphasis on principal role of NATO enlargement for American interests, in the late 1990s and early 2000s this approach fundamentally changed. When in the middle 1990s there emerged an issue of NATO preservation in new circumstances, the United States regarded their North Atlantic allies as potential assistants in carrying out their military operations worldwide in interests of America. But Washington’s expectations concerning significant military contribution of Allies confronted with a cruel reality. For the USA, 1990s became a period of more intense economic growth as compared to the Europeans. This was attended by fast technological progress, particularly in military industry. At the same time, European Allies shortened their military budgets. Thus, 4,565 million dollars, being merely 13-% rise in American military budget, turned out to exceed total budget of any of NATO allies. By the end of the decade, this trend led to the fatal gap of Europe from the level of American military and technological potential. The Allies, apart from Great Britain in some particular cases, proved simply unable to grant the USA assistance in military operations requiring decent technological level. This gap very soon was revealed in action yet before the launch of second NATO enlargement debate. Thus, among the NATO resources involved in Yugoslav military campaign in spring-summer of 1999, American resources played the principal role: about 60-70% of air force and 80-90% of cruise missiles were American. During anti-Talib operation of autumn 2001 even British contribution couldn’t be compared to American: more than 90% of resources and 95% of advanced technology armaments were supplies by the Americans. American government was aware, already before taking decision on anti-Talib war launch, that there was no chance of reckoning on something more than political support and some complimentary military functions on NATO’s part. The last point demonstrating Washington’s attitude to the enlargement process was elaboration of Iraqi operation implementation scenario in 2002-2003, which didn’t even include NATO as military structure along with a number of minor allies. Among other reasons, this happened because absence of internal accord within North Atlantic Treaty Organization concerning necessity of the operation, firmly advocated by the USA and Great Britain. Consequently, American interest in NATO as a block of military allies in many ways expired. The main mission of the Alliance for the United States now turned into political and back support of American military operations. Such shift of mission caused change of American agenda for NATO. In such circumstances, avalanche-like Alliance enlargement became the most appropriate way of enlargement. Therefore, on Prague summit, the invitations to enter NATO were made to seven states: Bulgaria, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, and Estonia. Many of these states had to undergo a long way at least to reach the level of first-wave entrant states. However, in what concerns political support of American military initiatives, newly invited counties showed their support of American policy right away after Prague summit in discussions, and then in actions relating to Iraq in 2002-2004. Since mid 2002, American political analysts have been growingly talking on shifting NATO’s role from military ally of the United States and instrument of collective protection of Allies’ security into “platform for coordination and facilitation of joint diplomatic actions with the uniformly thinking allies”. Besides, another advantage from mass enlargement of NATO to Easter-European countries was mentioned: possibility for the United States to “concentrate on other regions” after enlargement. 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Many men suffer from erectile dysfunction (ED) -- the inability to achieve and sustain an erection long enough to have enjoyable and fulfilling sex. For a variety of reasons ED is most common in men over 45. The sex drive is often lowered even further in older men who are taking medications of various kinds. Most of us assume the sex drive gradually diminishes as we get older, so we are prepared to accept ED as a natural condition. But the fact is, the inability for many men to sustain an erection may be more the result of treatable physical conditions rather than an actual loss of sex drive. Until the early 1980s most people -- including most trained urologists -- assumed that ED was basically a mental or psychological problem. But in 1983 at a presentation to the American Urological Association, Dr. Giles Brindley demonstrated that a penis could be made erect by injecting it with the drug phentolamine. In a public demonstration, he used his own penis to make the point. Brindley had discovered that the penis could be made erect by relaxing the normally consricted blood vessels leading into it. Once the blood vessels are relaxed, they let in more blood and the penis inflates something like a balloon to form an erection. So gradually it came to be accepted that ED is the result of physical changes in the adult male -- not primarily mental or psychological conditions. Viagra - Controlling the Penile Valve Phentolamine -- the drug used by Dr. Brindley to give himself a public erection -- started to be used with some success in the 80's and 90's, but there are two problems with phentolamine. First, it is not selective enough to target only the penis, so its effects on other parts of the body are unpredictable. And second, the erections it creates are not brought on by sexual stimulation. You can get an erection any old time with phentolamine, and you will continue to have one until the effect of the drug wears off. Viagra was the first drug that overcame these two problems. (It was introduced in 1998 by the Pfizer company. The active ingredient in Viagra is sildenafil citrate.) Viagra does not work by relaxing the blood vessels of the penis. Instead it enhances the natural processes that take place when a man is sexually stimulated. It does this by controlling what we might call the "Softeners" -- the chemicals in the body designed to make the penis go soft after an erection. It works something like this. When a man is sexually stimulated his brain sends signals that trigger the production of chemicals that relax the blood vessels in the penis. Think of these as "Hardeners". As the blood vessels are relaxed by the production of Hardeners, blood flow increases and the penis goes erect. But nature has also designed a way for the erection to gradually subside. At the same time as Hardeners are being produced to relax the blood vessels, the body is also producing Softeners to break down and neutralize the Hardeners. These are an enzyme known as phosphodiesterase (PDE5). As long as the sexually stimulated male is producing more Hardeners than Softeners, the penis will remain erect. But as soon as the production of Hardeners starts to go down, the Softeners will get the upper hand, and the erection will start to fizzle. It is now generally assumed that ED is caused by an imbalance of Hardeners and Softeners. The body is either not producing enough Hardeners, or too many Softeners. Either way, the result is the inability to sustain an erection. What Viagra does is block the production of Softeners. This allows the Hardeners to build up in the blood vessels of the penis and create hard, sustained erections. The beauty of the process is that nothing happens without sexual stimulation. Viagra does not take the place of stimulation. Instead, it simply lets the natural chemicals created by sexual stimulation do their work. After sex, when the brain is no longer creating Hardeners, the erection subsides naturally. And when the effects of Viagra wear off -- normally after 4 or 5 hours -- the normal processes are restored to the way they were before taking the drug. Of course, as with any drug, there are potential side effects. Viagra should not be taken if you are taking any nitrate-based drug, including nitroglycerin or if you are on any blood pressure or heart medication, as combining Viagra with these drugs can cause a severe drop in blood pressure. Also, if you have any liver or kidney problems it is not recommended that you take Viagra. male penile enlargement enlargment manhattan penis do penis enlagement pills really work blood erection vimax penis pills penis enlagement cream penile enlargment pills vimax penis enlargement forum vimax pills inch natural penis enargement exercise
Genital warts are one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and are spread by vaginal and oral sex with an infected person. Genital warts are caused by a virus called Human Papillomavirus(HPV) also known as condylomata acuminata. One survey reveals that genital warts affect about 5.5 million Americans each year. It is important to say right up front that a person can have genital warts without showing any symptoms. This means that a person can be contagious without even knowing it. You would not want to spread a virus like this to a loved one, so be sure you know the first signs, and get yourself checked out every so often with a doctor. Symptoms: Warts look like small bumps with a cauliflower-like appearance. They may be as small as two mm in diameter or may be multiply into a large cluster. In women, the warts may grow in the wall of vagina, between external genitals and the anus. In men, warts can be found on the tip or shaft of the penis. Treatment: Genital warts can be prevented by avoiding sex with an infected person. Using condoms can protect you but not all the time because warts can grow in the unprotected area also. Different therapies are available for genital warts such as freezing with liquid nitrogen or using laser treatment but these are not permanent solutions. HPV remains dormant in the body and genital warts can reappear at anytime. Those infected by genital warts should see their doctor to discuss treatment, side effects and cost. vimax safe penis enlargement free natural penis enlargement do penis enhancement pills really work penis enhancement tip enlargement free pennis pills sample pennis enlargement herb herbal natural penis enlargment buy penis enlarement pills natural penis enargement exercise
Now I don’t need to tell you that knives and the penis just don’t mix. Surprisingly though, over 250,000 men have undergone penis enlargement surgery. While having a bigger penis can truly change your life, surgery is not your only option. What is penis enlargement surgery? This type of surgery, called phalloplasty, or penis augmentation surgery is one of the most well known ways to enlarge the penis. For this type of surgery, there are usually two separate operations: one for adding length, and another for adding girth. Length is typically added by cutting a ligament that connects the penis to the pubic bone. This pushes forward part of the penis that was previously hidden inside the body. Girth, or thickness, can be enlarged by inserting fat strips from other parts of the body inside and running up along the penis shaft. Usually for a steep $10,000, you can undergo this type of operation that only “tries” to add 1-3 inches to your penis. Surgery is popular because its effects are almost instant (the operation can take around 4-6 hours). The downside to this is the healing time which can take up to a year, not to mention the possibility of problems arising which can lead to more surgery being needed to fix them. The drawbacks of this procedure are that your results are not guaranteed, and other problems like discomfort, complications and side effects can bring you right back into the ER. Some side effects from penis enlargement surgery are discomfort, swelling, and bruising. Others include infections, loss of sensation and function, a curved penis, scarring and bleeding can also occur. After the surgery, men undergo a whole program designed around healing from this type of operation. This special program uses a method called traction to help the patient heal, or avoid any scars. It also helps the patient add even more length and thickness to the penis size gains added from the surgery. Because of all the details of this type of surgery, a rigorous screening process is done to see whether a guy is a good candidate, and some guys just don’t cut it. Recently though, doctors have started prescribing the method of traction by itself so these guys, and any guy with a less than average sized penis, can enlarge their penis naturally without surgery at all. How penis traction devices work Traction devices are commonly used after penis enlargement surgery to even out the length and girth gains and make them permanent. Instead of going under the knife, men are now using penis stretchers to add growth right at home, resulting in natural penis enlargement size gains for much less the cost of surgery. Research has proven that these stretchers can help you gain a full inch to your penis size within 6 months. My own use of the stretcher confirms the research currently available. The device is usually worn for up to 8 hours per day, and the gains are permanent. Visible results can be seen in under one month. While the traction device is the new guy on the block in the penis enlargement world, it’s proving itself to be an affordable, extremely effective method of natural penis enlargement. get vig rx penis enlargement traction device permanent penis enhancement penis enlagement surgery cost do penis enargement pills work penile enlargment cream penis enlagement doctor penis enlagement patch natural penis enargement exercise
Primates are a category of mammals that include humans, apes, lemurs and monkeys. Covering over 185 species, they range from lemurs -with hardly any resemblance to humans- to chimpanzees, which are clearly our own kin. In size, they range from the tiny 60 g bush baby to the huge 200 kg gorilla. Primates are characterized by a complex brain, good binocular vision and means of grasping. In addition, they experience long periods in the womb, followed by slow maturation and elongated lifespan. Africa has the privilege of hosting 51 primate species in habitats varying from forests to savannah woodlands. And new primate species are still being discovered. One of the latest additions is the highland mangabey monkey, whose domicile is the Udzungwa Mountains of southern Tanzania. Scientists were delighted, but nevertheless puzzled when they reported the finding in May 2005; "This exciting discovery demonstrates once again how little we know about our closest living relatives, the nonhuman primates. A large, striking monkey in a country of considerable wildlife research over the last century has been hidden right under our noses," said Russell Mittermeier of the IUCN-The World Conservation Union's Species Survival Commission. Sensing our fascination with nonhuman primates, artists have in response created fictional characters that have turned out to be immensely popular. The most successful of this genre is the story of "Tarzan of the Apes". This romance features an orphaned English lord who was adopted by a female ape and brought up in the African jungle. The writer Edgar Rice Burroughs brought Tarzan-one of the best-known literary characters, to life in 1921. Tarzan, an ape-man character has over the years generated over 40 movies, and numerous radio shows, television programmes and comic books. Primate characters reflect mans complex nature more closely than other animal characters in fiction and mythology. Come to think of it: in this respect, the naughty tree-swinging monkey is more deserving of our respect than haughty king lion. Non-human primates are confined to the tropics, where 80% of them live in rain forests as the dominant mammals. East Africa has few patches of tropical forests where you find the great apes, but the entire region supports many other primate species. Only a few species are not dependent on trees and can survive in savannah and sub desert areas. These include baboons, vervet monkeys and chimpanzees. Not surprisingly, travellers to east Africa are most likely to come across these three species. But most primates still depend on trees or cliffs for security. Only the two most intriguing primate species sleep on the ground-man and gorilla. We shall not discuss these two species in this article and shall cover them in separate features. For now, we shall only able to look at the four most common primates found in East Africa; bush babies, monkeys, baboons and chimpanzees. Primates have complex social organizations and the majority live in female-bonded groups. Scientists speculate that this works as an alliance against aggressive males. Females stay on in their natal group even after maturity, while males exit the group. Feminist fundamentalists may perhaps take a hint in this arrangement? Chimpanzees make an exception to this rule. Very much like humans, female chimps seek an alliance with a male protector, which is recognised and respected by other males. A common feature among primates is evolution of the "primate hand."This is a prehensile hand that is used for climbing and eating, and tool making in the case of apes. Some primates- especially baboons and apes, have such well-developed dexterity of the hand that the tips of the thumb and forefinger meet at right angles. In apes, the dexterity of the hands is very close that of humans -and chimps are a good example. Primates, just like humans, use social grooming as a form of contact communication. Travellers will witness this practice among baboons and vervet monkeys. Grooming is useful for social bonding and is effected by use of the mouth and hands. At a more practical level, it is also used to clean the body of parasites, such as ticks. Grooming underlines hierarchies; a junior member of a group will happily groom its betters. Reproduction in primates is quite varied, but there is much in common with humans. Monkeys and apes, for example, actually do menstruate. A key difference however, is that many primates have distinct breeding seasons. The young are dependent on the mother, but less so than human infants. They enjoy the protection of a fur coat and are able to climb and reach the mothers' teats and cling to her while being transported. Males generally play a marginal role in parental care. Bush babies are a big group of primates, comprising about 18 species found Africa, and of which 11 species live in East Africa. This is one of the smallest but most successful of the primates. There are two main types: the lesser bush baby and the greater bush baby. Both are widely distributed and found in the forested national parks of East Africa. During the day, they hide to avoid harm from eagles and large snakes. In lodges located close to dense forest, such as Shimba Hills in Kenya, bush babies are at night attracted to the dining rooms by sugar and sugary products. They otherwise feed mainly on tree gum and insects. Their technique of catching insects is either by leaping and grabbing or by creeping to within grabbing distance. They have distinct vocal sounds and the name bush baby originated from the piercing baby-like cries or advertising calls of the greater bush baby. Adult males advertise the most, especially in the mating season. Bush babies are easy to like-perhaps on account of their baby-like cries and small innocent looking faces. They are active only after sundown. Extremely agile and sprightly, they use their elongated hind limbs to execute spectacular leaps between trees. Distended finger and toe pads enable them to cling unerringly, leap after leap, to even the most slippery branches. The other small primates like bush babies are pottos. Being small and nocturnal, you will hardly ever see them. Only one species is found in East Africa -in south and west Uganda, far northwest Tanzania and western Kenya in the Mount Elgon and Kakamega forests. Pottos wear a woolly brown jacket and have large protuberant eyes, small rounded naked ears, short muzzles and short stubby tails. They weigh between 0.8 - 1.6kg. Monkeys are a category of dog-shaped primates. They stand and move horizontally on four legs, with head directed forwards and downwards. Consequently, the form and movement is also doglike, particularly for the more terrestrial ones like baboons. Their bottoms are padded with bare "scars" that may appear like wounds. These are called callosities, and their colouration varies with the reproductive season. The phenomenon is most prominent among baboons and is quite puzzling to many travellers. There is a clear distinction in form and structure of the genders in monkeys. This is especially so among baboons, in which females are clearly smaller in body size - by as much as 50% compared males. The posture and movement of monkeys is often a reflection of their social status. The confident monkey appears relaxed and walks with its limbs extended and back level. It surveys its realm casually and is at ease while resting. On the other hand, subordinates walk with back hunched, limbs rather bent and tail low or curved downwards. Dominant males are known to exaggerate their status by walking with a swagger and squatting with obvious ostentation. This behaviour is the subject of many metaphors in African folklore. Monkeys are generally social, though they exhibit occasional rivalry. When attempting to intimidate a rival, a monkey stands at its tallest, with the effect that it looks bigger than it realy is-, which of course is precisely the point. "Filling yourself like a male monkey" is a common teenage statement in Africa, and originates from this practice. Many travellers will have noticed that adult male monkeys like exposing their genitals to impress or maybe intimidate other males. Baboons are especially notorious for this rather unwholesome exhibitionist behaviour. Do not be offended when you find a dominant male, sitting apart on high vantage point, facing away from the troop as he scans the surrounding with legs spread apart to expose the penis. This is a particularly noticeable thing about baboons, or perhaps it is what humans cannot avoid noticing- being so well trained to look down upon such immodest displays. Among the monkeys species found in East Africa are the blue or syke monkey, the vervet monkey and the colobus monkey. Sykes are dark, stoutly built and have round facial disk and no beard. They weigh up to 12kg, with males larger and heavier than females. The body is covered by thick long fur with a brown patch of bristling hair. Sykes are quite widespread in East Africa and can generally be sighted in all forested national parks. But as they as not aware of park boundaries, you will also see them in thick forests and forest reserves outside the parks. They are however slowly being confined to national parks due continuing degradation of protected forests. Sykes mostly feed on fruits and leaves and occasionally insects and flowers. The vervet monkey is light coloured with a black face; males have a pale blue scrotum. This monkey weighs between 5 and 9kg. The vervet is adapted to practically all woodland habitats, outside equatorial rain forests. It does not venture very far from the safety of trees, on which it also depends for food. You will commonly find it on forest edges and is typically associated with riverine vegetation and acacia trees. These monkeys are very friendly to people and almost serve as de facto receptionists in most national parks. When a vertet hops onto your car as you arrive at park gate, it is looking after its own interests. Humans like to feed monkeys and it hopes to save the lots of energy and the risk involved in natural foraging in the bush. However, it is illegal to feed monkeys or any wildlife in all parks in East Africa. Also be warned- these monkeys can bite if scared. Their teeth and claws can inflict serious injuries and you should therefore avoid close bodily contact. Vervet monkeys are omnivorous and consume a wide range of plant materials like fruits, seeds, sap, and flowers. They also feed on invertebrates and have sometimes balance the vegetarian fare with vertebrates such as lizards and nestling birds and their eggs. They are often found in the same areas as baboons with which they share many foods, water holes and sleeping trees. The baboon is however not good company for vervets; it is without mercy for its smaller relative. When they compete for food, vervets are supplanted and baboons will occasionally feed on young vervets. Vervet monkeys are territorial and live in troops of between 8-50 members. Their troops are organized in a hierarchy of families whose members sleep, forage and rest together. Males move out as they reach maturity at about the age of 5 years, while females remain in a female-bonded society. They pass on hereditary privileges: a mother's rank predetermines that of the daughter. The baboon is the other very common primate in the savannahs of East Africa. It is a large, terrestrial monkey with a dog like head. Indeed its scientific name is, papio cynocephalus -here cynocephalus means "dog-headed." They weigh up to 50 kg, with males reaching up to twice the weight of females. Their limbs are sturdy, nearly equal in length while hands and feet are short and wide with stubby digits. The females have very prominent sexual swellings. Baboons in East Africa appear in two common species - olive and yellow baboons. Next to humans, baboons are the best adapted of the terrestrial primates. For this reason, they are the most widespread African primate- to be found from savannah to arid habitats, so long as there is water and trees or just cliffs. Most travellers will see baboons on the highways, in many places across the region. They live well enough outside protected areas, such as national parks. They are serious crop pests and are even classified as vermin -not wildlife- but in parts of Kenya. A baboons' menu include grasses, flowers, fruits, seeds and shoots. In the dry season, they uproot grasses and feed on the underground stems, a niche they share with no other mammal except warthogs. Beware that baboons are fierce fighters and with group work can confront and scare off a sharp predator such as leopard. Because of their well-developed taste for fruits and other foods humans are partial to, baboons tend to stalk visitors in national parks. In some cases they supplement their diet with vertebrate prey: fish, lizards and young of ground nesting birds, and bird or crocodile eggs. Baboons live in troops ranging from 8 to over 200 animals, but typically average about 40. Troops tend to avoid one another but may occasionally share resources. Their social organization is highly complex and variable; they are able to display emotion and can communicate motivation. Females remain in the troop, with a reproductive strategy grounded on male supremacy. The colobus monkey is another common primate that is the subject of many parables in Africa. The black and white colobus are especially priced for their beautiful coat, which has traditionally been used as ceremonial attire. The colobus is found only in Africa and has a long tail and hairs. The body weight reaches up to 23 kg. Both the black and white species are well adapted and have inherited many kinds of forest woodlands throughout East Africa. They live up at the trees and rarely descend to the ground. This rather shy animal is not easily sighted in the open and you are more likely to see or hear them in thick woodlands and forested parks. The apes are a category of primates represented in Africa by gorilla, chimpanzees and bonobo. Genetically, they are the closest primates to man. The apes have very advanced social and communication systems. They come close to humans in the use of facial expressions and body language; using both arms and hands. Apart from mother-infant contact, apes groom each other in the usual primate fashion- rank determines who grooms whom. Apes are particularly adept at tactile communications; that is use of touch. They seek and give reassurance by touching each other - just like we do -on the most sensitive areas like hands, face and genitals. Apes are slow to mature, with the young reaching adolescence at about the age of 8 years. Females bring forth their first fruits in their early teens, much earlier than males who rarely start procreating before reaching 15 years. All apes build nests- in this case, a platform on which to sleep securely at night: chimps up the trees and gorillas on the ground. Generally all the apes are endangered and vulnerable. The problem is that they occur naturally in very small densities and face immediate threat of habitat loss throughout their ranges. The situation is further compounded by the fact that they perpetuate themselves at a rather slow pace. The other risk is the bush meat trade that goes on in some parts of Africa, which takes them out in large numbers every year. The situation deteriorated after the 1980's, when many previously inaccessible tracts of rainforest were opened up for logging. Although apes are not known to eat humans, there are reports of their killing human babies in western Uganda - especially in Bwindi and Kibale forests. This phenomenon is as yet unexplained and is very puzzling to primate researchers Chimpanzees are large, hairy and tailless; females weigh between 30-40 kg, while males can reach 180 kg. They have big heads, flattened face with a small nose and forward facing eyes. They have same number and type of teeth as man. The chimp is indeed our closet living relative, sharing 98% of our genes and much of our behaviour. The chimp and mountain gorilla are the only great apes found naturally is East Africa. Seeing chimps in the wild is an exhilarating experience. And Uganda is the best country in the world to view chimps in their natural habitat. In Uganda, you encounter chimps at Queen Elizabeth National Park and Kibale and Budingo forest. In Tanzania, you see them at Gombe National Park, to the north west of the country. Kenya has no naturally occurring chimps population, but at Nanyuki in the central region, there is a sanctuary for chimps rescued from the illegal trade going on in parts of central and West Africa. Chimps are mainly found in rainforest and wet savannah. They are less robustly built than gorillas; their arms are shorter, reaching just below the knees and the hands and fingers are long with short thumbs. The feet are adapted for grasping, with long, stout opposable big toe. Chimpanzees feed mainly on fruits mostly gathered from trees and the young leaves of plants. They also feed on flowers, pith, and bark and also derive additional nutrients from insects and some meat too- young antelopes, goats, and other primates such as young baboons and colobus monkeys. Chimps are articulate tool users- a clear sign of a hard working brain. They can pick up small objects between thumbs and side of the index finger. They possess the acumen to prepare and use grass stems and sticks to fish for insects. A female on heat may mate with several males. It gives birth to a single off spring, which is independent after about 4 years. The chimps are individualistic and do not live in cohesive groups like gorillas or monkeys. They live in communities, with up to 100 animals sharing a common home range. But they never assemble in a single troop. Jane Goodall, in her book "The Chimpanzees of Gombe", has shown that chimps, in common with humans, engage in some very disagreeable behaviour. Males occasionally rape females and engage in internecine warfare. Dr. Goodall has reported that from early 1974, a brutal four-year war raged in Gombe between two chimp groups that resulted in the decimation of one group. The best way to see the primates of East Africa is by taking a combined Kenya and Uganda safari. On such as safari, you will of course see the other wildlife East Africa is famed for, but be sure that the locations where primates are found are covered. On safari, wear light cottons and linen. But also pack some warmer clothing, as the evenings and early mornings can be quite chilly. Some rainwear is advisable between March and June and October and December. You should bring along a decent pair of sunglasses and a pair of binoculars. They are very useful for spotting animals and you will be the envy of your less knowledgeable traveling companions Copyright © Africa Point