penis enlarement surgery picture

Today, there are many different methods out there for penis enlargement, but how do you know which ones truly work and if they work which ones are best? Well, the truth is, you must do a bit of research to learn what is available and how they work before you can really make an educated decision. One of the most popular penis enlargement methods is the SizeGenetics system. However, if you do not spend hours and hours alone then you may not wish to try this method. This method uses a penis device that can be hidden by wearing clothing. This device exerts constant traction on your penis during each session so you must be able to allow your penis to be pretty much out in the open. However, the SizeGenetics system is the most popular method because it is one of the fastest penis enlargements on the market today. Penis enlargement pumps are another option. Just because you saw one of these on Austin Powers does not mean that they are doctor approved, a matter of fact they are not recommended at all except for men suffering from a heart condition or diabetes to achieve erections. The PenisHealth system is a series of penis enlargement exercise that has proven success. These penis exercises work in the same way as the SizeGenetics. This is considered one of the most popular all natural ways to increase the size of the penis. When using the PenisHealth system the cells of penis tissue expand and multiply which will increase the not only the length of the penis but the girth as well. The exercises should be done at least once per day either in the morning when first waking up or in the evening before retiring. One reason this method is more popular over other penis enlargement methods is that the male has complete control of the enlargement process and the risk of something going wrong or of an accident is pretty much non-existent as long as the exercises are performed properly. If neither one of the above methods, sound very appealing you will be glad to know that today there is another method that might be perfect for you; The ProSolution Pills. These pills are created from all natural herbs and have been proven to increase the size of the penis in a completely all-natural way without all the hassles and sometimes embarrassments. The ingredients in the ProSolution Pills aid in boosting the flow of blood to the penis, which increase the production of testosterone and raise energy levels. This helps get your reproduction system on the go. There are other penis enlargement methods such as surgery. However, why take chances with surgery when there are more natural ways to increase the size of your penis. With surgery you have the risk of impotence, you will have scars, and there is always the chance of complications. penis enlarement tool enlargment manhattan penile permanent pennis enlargement penis enlargement testimonials penis enlarement pic before and after penis enargement surgery top rated penis enlagement pills penis enhancement traction device

penis enlarement surgery picture

KNOWING ROSACEA Rosacea is a disorder of the blood vessels. It is a common skin disorder. Approximately 48 percent of the world population suffers from Rosacea. However, Rosacea is one of the most misunderstood states of the skin. FAMOUS PERSONS SUFFERING FROM ROSACEA If you are having Rosacea, you are then in the august company of eminent persons. A few of the noted personalities suffering from Rosacea are JP Morgan, WC Fields, Cameron Diaz, Bill Clinton, Prince Harry of England, besides the late princess of Wales and mother of Prince Harry – Diana. ROSACEA SYMPTOMS The common symptom of rosacea is transformation of the skin color into red. The body portions most affected by rosacea are the cheeks, nose and forehead. At times, such redness and flushing of skin can also spread to the ears, scalp, chest or the neck. As Rosacea progresses, the reddish tinge can turn into a permanent condition. There can also be a marked visibility of the small blood vessels particularly at the skin surface, stinging or burning skin sensation, eyes turning gritty and reddish, and pus-filled or simple bumps that appear red. Among these severe symptoms are bulbous noses. The maiden rosacea symptoms are nagging redness which is often wrongly attributed to cleansing, exercising or temperature changes. SIMILAR SKIN DISORDERS Many confuse rosacea with seborrheic dermatitis or/and acne vulgaris. Mentionably, rosacea can co-exist with acne vulgaris and seborrheic dermatitis. THE ROSACEA VULNERABLE SECTION It has been generally noticed that the people with fair skin are the most vulnerable section with reference to rosacea. Therefore, rosacea does have a hereditary strain. Those having a descent from the Celtic or the fair-skinned European stocks are genetically inclined to suffer from rosacea. Notably, both the sexes can fall prey to rosacea. People of all ages can be affected by rosacea. It has also been noticed that people in the age group of 30-50 are easily affected by rosacea. Nonetheless, women in their middle ages are the most vulnerable section of the populace. The reason is, of course, menopause-abetted hot flushes. However, rosacea symptoms are more severe with reference to men. CAUSES OF ROSACEA There is no unanimity among the medical researchers as to the exact rosacea pathogenesis. Nonetheless, there is a concurrence in views insofar as to the cause of rosacea. Rosacea occurs when stimuli repeatedly dilate the blood vessels, and as a result of which the blood vessels get damaged. The damaged blood vessels dilate rather easily. Besides they either remain permanently dilated or stay dilated for a considerably long time. The consequence is redness of the affected portion and its flushing. ROSACEA PAPULES OR INFLAMMATORY PUSTULES The papule or inflammatory pustule can be I the form of a boil, or a pimple, or an eruption for that matter. In rosacea (papulopustular), the mediators (inflammatory ones) as well as immune cells ooze out from the skin bed that is basically micro-vascular by nature. This, in turn, leads to the inflammatory pustule or papule. OTHER CAUSES OF ROSACEA Various conditions can also lead to rosacea. One thing is for sure: strenuous movements cause blushing and flushing. A few of the situations where such flushing or blushing can be formed are as follows: Stress, cold weather, acute sunburn, and extreme heat exposure especially from the sun. Rosacea can also be caused by sudden changes in temperatures while traveling, or in heated rooms especially in winter. FOODS CAN ALSO CAUSE ROSACEA Certain food items that contain very high quantity of histamine have been identified as responsible for the eruption of rosacea symptoms in many people. Similarly, spicy food besides alcoholic substances can definitely trigger off rosacea. MEDICATIONS TOO CAN LEAD TO ROSACEA Several topical irritants and medications may at times cause rosacea. Take for example several drugs people take to hide wrinkles or to deal with acnes. Among these chemicals those particularly responsible for causing rosacea are tretinoin, benzoyl peroxide, isotretinoin, microdermabrasion, and certain chemical peels. Obviously, one should immediately stop the use of any such irritants the moment any rosacea symptoms appear. INDUCED (STEROID) ROSACEA The term ‘steroid induced rosacea’ points to such rosacea symptoms that are caused by steroids, particularly nasal and topical. Notably, these types of steroids are generally prescribed for patients suffering from seborrheic dermatitis. First aid: In such circumstances, immediately consult the physician. Moreover, one should begin the medication discontinuing process over a period of time. Decrease the dosages slowly. Else there may be a flare up of the rosacea symptoms. MITES & BACTERIA CAN CAUSE ROSACEA AS WELL A considerable number of rosacea people have been found to possess the species of mites known as demodex. This is more so the case with those people who have rosacea from steroids. Mentionably, the presence of a large number of these demodex mites can only cause rosacea. But, they cannot by themselves cause the rosacea condition. The demodex mites will have tom act in conjunction with other factors to be able to trigger off the rosacea states. Bacteria, especially the intestinal bacteria, can cause rosacea. These intestinal bacteria reside in our digestive highways. This is a neurological dysfunction. Such rosacea conditions can erupt after the intestinal bacteria activate the plasma kakllikrein-kinin system. THE KAKLLIKREIN-KININ SYSTEM The kakllikrein-kinin system or the kinin-kallikrein system or just the kinin system is a not well delineated structure of blood proteins. The blood proteins have a major role to play in causing pain, coagulation, control of blood pressure and inflammation. Mentionably, the major mediators of the kinin system are bradykinin and kallidin. Both of them act on different cell types. Both are vasodilators DIFFERENT FORMS OF ROSACEA Researchers have identified four forms of rosacea. Each of these subtypes can have its typical symptoms. More importantly, one person can have more then one of the subtypes at the same time. THE ROSACEA SUBTYPES The four rosacea subtypes are Ocular rosacea, Phymatous rosacea, Papulopustular rosacea and Erythematotelangiectatic rosacea. OCULAR ROSACEA Ocular rosacea mainly affects the eyes. The Ocular rosacea symptoms are burning and itching besides sensations as if there are foreign bodies within the eyes. When anyone is affected by ocular rosacea, the eyes and the eyelids turn dry and red. Irritation of the eyes and the eyelids is also very common. PHYMATOUS ROSACEA Phymatous rosacea affects the nose, ears, cheeks, forehead, chin and the eyes. Phymatous rosacea is also linked with the nose enlargement dysfunction called rhinophyma. Another disorder closely connected with phymatous rosacea is the visibility of small blood vessels near the skin surface. Other symptoms of phymatous rosacea are appearance of irregular surfaces on the skin and which may be also accompanied by nodularities. The skin can get thick as well. PAPULOPUSTULAR ROSACEA Many confuse Papulopustular rosacea with acne. However, Papulopustular rosacea remain reddish while acne do not. The common Papulopustular rosacea symptoms are papules (red bumps) filled with pus. Such bumps are called pustules. Papulopustular rosacea papules with or without pustules generally dissolve within five days. People having Papulopustular rosacea usually have permanent redness of their skin. This state is described medically as erythema. Another symptom of Papulopustular rosacea is they tend to flush or blush quite easily. Moreover, the patient can also have burning or itching sensations. ERYTHEMATOTELANGIECTATIC ROSACEA Erythematotelangiectatic rosacea causes the small blood vessels to appear rather prominently near the surface of the skin. This typical state is known as telangiectasias. TREATING ROASAEA There are various treatments for rosacea people. The strategies vary depending on the acuteness and the rosacea subtype that a particular person may be suffering from. Hence, there can be different treatments for different persons suffering from the rosacea symptoms. Hence, the dermatologists opt for the sub-type-directed method to diagnose, analyze and treat rosacea. LASER TREATMENT Laser treatment in dermatology is variously known as Broad spectrum (Intense Pulsed Light), or Single wavelength (Vascular laser). Laser treatment is one of the most popular treatment methods of rosacea. In laser treatment, light is made to infiltrate the epidermis. The light hits the skin’s dermis layer. It targets the dermis capillaries. The oxy-haemoglobin gets heated up after it absorbs the light. The process heats up the capillary walls till 70 degree centigrade. This heat destroys the capillary walls. The damaged walls are then absorbed by the body via its defence mechanism. CO2 LASER TREATMENT Focused thin beams of CO2 laser are manipulated to defocus or cut (as scalpels) the tissues. Then these tissues are vaporized. CO2 lasers are used to get rid of the excessive tissues formed by phymatous rosacea. In this method, our skin directly absorbs the CO2 lasers wavelength. SIMPLE STEPS TO TACKLE ROSACEA (i) Gentle skin cleansing regime Always deal with the skin gently and lovingly. Go for only those cleansers that are non-irritating. (ii) Shielding skin from sun Never venture out in the sun-bated beach sans protection shields. Regularly use sunscreens. Choose such a sunscreen that consists of a physical blocker agent. Such active blockers are titanium dioxide or zinc oxide. (iii) Trigger avoidance It is important to maintain a diary of the foods and the climatic or other factors that generally lead to rosacea. In fact, The National Rosacea Society promotes this habit. This approach also goes a long way in identification and reduction of the triggers. Moreover, trigger avoidance is ideal to control the onset frequency of rosacea. But, all alone it cannot check rosacea. Nonetheless, the mild rosacea attacks can be effectively checked if a patient avoids the factors that triggered off the rosacea symptoms. One can get flushing after consuming red wine or food items having high quantities of histamine. Then, go for antihistamines. Some common antihistamines are loratadine or cetirizine. (iv) Eyelid hygiene Eyelid hygiene is especially recommended for persons complaining of eyelid infections. Practice eyelid hygiene frequently. Here are some easy eyelid hygiene steps. Gently scrub the eyelids daily; You can use baby shampoo in a diluted form; Or, you can also opt for any across-the-counter eyelid cleaner. Apply the cleaner in warm compresses. But, mind you, never should it be hot. Carry on the practice several times in a day. MEDICATIONS (ii) Topical & Oral Antibiotics To get instant relief from the rash, redness, inflammation, pustules and papules, you can go for topical and oral antibiotics. An effective topical antibiotic is metronidazole. Similarly, ideal oral antibiotics are the tetracycline antibiotics. Some examples of tetracycline antibiotics are minocycline, doxycycline, and tetracycline. The oral antibiotics are rather effective in treating ocular rosacea symptoms. Isotretinoin is generally given to patients who complain of persistent pustules or papules. However, there are several side effects of isotretinoin. Therefore, isotretinoin is prescribed only in acute situations. It is also given to treat acute acne. Nevertheless, for patients suffering from phymatous and papulopustular rosacea, low dosages of isotretinoin have been delivering the goods. BETA BLOCKERS OR α-2 AGONIST The commonly used α-2 agonist is clonidine. It is helpful to deal with blushing and flushing. But it has side effects. One can feel drowsy or/and one’s blood pressure may also plummet. So, to neutralize this effect, one can use monoxidine as an alternative. Monoxidine has lesser side effects. But many do not find it as effective as clonidine. Propanolol is an ideal beta blocker. It is akin to α-2 agonists. And, it has been found to be effective in dealing with recurrent social blushing rather than the general rosacea flushing. It is also ideal to tackle anxiety. penis enlarement pills review penis enhancement surgeon vimax penis enlargement photo natural penis enhancement and lengthening top pnis enlargement pills male penis enlargment penis enlagement surgeon penile enlargment doctor penis enlarement surgery picture

If you're a smoker, you should know that smoking has many effects on you. Some of them are reversible, while some aren't. Some are long term effects and some are on short term. On of the main damage caused by smoking is to cancel the arteries ability to expand. The repercussions are multiple. Recently, a study targeting the condition of 8,000 Australian smokers has concluded that almost one in 10 subjects experienced erectile problems. The theory is that the toxins released in cigarette smoke, carbon monoxide mainly, are absorbed in the blood. They can damage vessels and cause the reducing of blood flow in your arteries. Maintaining an erection requires a surge of blood to the penis. If they are healthy, arteries get larger to allow the increased flow. But arteries damaged by cigarette smoking cannot expand as much, causing an inadequate erection. Other damages coming over the time, such as arteries clogging, can aggravate the condition by altering the trapping process of blood within the penis. The result will be the undesirable impotence. Smoking may cause temporary or permanent impotence. If you are young and quit smoking, impotence is likely mostly reversible. When you quit do not expect an immediate improvement. Keep in mind that you can see the benefits of this quitting smoking after a few weeks. I think that a final note is necessary. Just because you smoke and have erectile problems doesn't mean for sure that they are caused by smoking. Your best choice to clarify your situation is to quit as soon as possible. If that doesn't work, go to your physician and have an open discussion. buy place vig rx vimax penis enlargement tip penis enlargement procedure enlagement forum free matter penis size plastic surgery penis enlargment cheap vig rx pill penis enhancement herb medical penile enlargment penis enlarement surgery picture

Women can orgasm several different ways, via clitoral, vaginal, and of course the G-Spot, the latter can give her a massively satisfying orgasm if stimulated correctly. Here we will look at how to find it and give your partner immense pleasure once you do! Where is the G Spot? The G-Spot is the area to target for maximum sexual arousal. You will be able to help give added pleasure and a mind blowing climax to your partner if you can locate and stimulate it. The G-Spot is essentially a bean shaped area of nerve tissue, located about halfway between the back of the pubic bone and the top of a women’s cervix. The size and location of the G-Spot will vary between women, but it usually lies about 1.5” to 3” inside the vagina. This area inside the vagina has a different texture; it’s ridged, not smooth like the rest of the vagina, and when aroused has a spongy feel. The G-Spot is not easily located. Sometimes even women have a hard time finding it and some don’t even believe it exists, but it does. All you need to do is to locate it and arouse it and with a little trial and error between you and your partner you can. Locating the G Spot To explore and find the G spot, have your partner lie down, knees bent and feet flat on the floor or bed, with a pillow under her buttocks for comfort. Insert your fingers into her vagina towards her navel. This will be between 1.5 – 3” inches inside the vagina to find the exact spot. Press with the fingers against the front wall of the vagina. As it's surrounded by tissue and deep in the vaginal wall, you will need to apply a little pressure. When you finally hit the right spot, it will swell the same way a penis does. Slide your fingers from side to side. Have your partner tell you when you hit the right place and you she will know, as you will see the reaction when you hit it! G Spot Technique When you have found it move your fingers in even circles all around the inside of the vagina walls. It generally feels best for her if you keep consistent, firm pressure along the entire length of the vaginal walls and use a steady rotational rhythm. Stop rotating your fingers and rest your fingertips on the ridged area of the G Spot. Then move the fingers in and out and do rotational movements to keep hitting the spot. Finding a rhythm is what you are looking for here; keep moving the fingers in and out and around constantly hitting the G Spot. You can give your partner even more pleasure by licking her clitoris and stimulating her G-Spot at the same time, to give her an amazing climax. Stimulating the G Spot to the level where it will ejaculate requires three components: 1.Time: Needs to be taken to work your partner up 2.Gentle attention: Listen to your partner and find out what gives her pleasure. 3.Tapping: Keep constantly tapping the G-spot while you are moving your fingers. Penis stimulation Penises curve and the ones that curve upwards are most likely to hit the G territory. However if your penis curves to the left or the right, all is not lost,There are options! If your penis curves to the left, right or to the south, you can position yourself in such a way that your penis hits the spot i.e you need to be in a position where your penis points north. For example, if your penis curves to the side. You lie horizontally, she lies vertically and you gain the same impact and will be able to hit her G Spot. If your penis curves downwards, place her on top of you but facing the other way, you will see her buttocks and then move to hit the G spot. Other methods of stimulation There are a number of adult toys such as vibrators etc that are designed to hit and stimulate the G Spot and the huge variety out there means there is one for every women. Finally… The G Spot is there in women all you have to do is find it and stimulate it to give your partner huge pleasure. There is a lot of mystique related to the spot but to find the G spot and give your partner pleasure is really all about communication. She will be able to guide you, all you need to do is follow her instructions have patience and find out what’s right for her. If you do, you will add another dimension to your relationship and your partner will be very grateful for your effort! medical penis enargement surgical penis enlargment penis enlarement device free exercise tip for penis enlagement penile enlargment doctor vimax easy enlargement free penis surgery way penis enlagement without pills result review vig rx penis enlarement surgery picture

Alan Pease, author of a book titled "Why Men Don't Listen and Women Can't Read Maps", believes that women are spatially-challenged compared to men. The British firm, Admiral Insurance, conducted a study of half a million claims. They found that "women were almost twice as likely as men to have a collision in a car park, 23 percent more likely to hit a stationary car, and 15 percent more likely to reverse into another vehicle" (Reuters). Yet gender "differences" are often the outcomes of bad scholarship. Consider Admiral insurance's data. As Britain's Automobile Association (AA) correctly pointed out - women drivers tend to make more short journeys around towns and shopping centers and these involve frequent parking. Hence their ubiquity in certain kinds of claims. Regarding women's alleged spatial deficiency, in Britain, girls have been outperforming boys in scholastic aptitude tests - including geometry and maths - since 1988. On the other wing of the divide, Anthony Clare, a British psychiatrist and author of "On Men" wrote: "At the beginning of the 21st century it is difficult to avoid the conclusion that men are in serious trouble. Throughout the world, developed and developing, antisocial behavior is essentially male. Violence, sexual abuse of children, illicit drug use, alcohol misuse, gambling, all are overwhelmingly male activities. The courts and prisons bulge with men. When it comes to aggression, delinquent behavior, risk taking and social mayhem, men win gold." Men also mature later, die earlier, are more susceptible to infections and most types of cancer, are more likely to be dyslexic, to suffer from a host of mental health disorders, such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and to commit suicide. In her book, "Stiffed: The Betrayal of the American Man", Susan Faludi describes a crisis of masculinity following the breakdown of manhood models and work and family structures in the last five decades. In the film "Boys don't Cry", a teenage girl binds her breasts and acts the male in a caricatural relish of stereotypes of virility. Being a man is merely a state of mind, the movie implies. But what does it really mean to be a "male" or a "female"? Are gender identity and sexual preferences genetically determined? Can they be reduced to one's sex? Or are they amalgams of biological, social, and psychological factors in constant interaction? Are they immutable lifelong features or dynamically evolving frames of self-reference? Certain traits attributed to one's sex are surely better accounted for by cultural factors, the process of socialization, gender roles, and what George Devereux called "ethnopsychiatry" in "Basic Problems of Ethnopsychiatry" (University of Chicago Press, 1980). He suggested to divide the unconscious into the id (the part that was always instinctual and unconscious) and the "ethnic unconscious" (repressed material that was once conscious). The latter is mostly molded by prevailing cultural mores and includes all our defense mechanisms and most of the superego. So, how can we tell whether our sexual role is mostly in our blood or in our brains? The scrutiny of borderline cases of human sexuality - notably the transgendered or intersexed - can yield clues as to the distribution and relative weights of biological, social, and psychological determinants of gender identity formation. The results of a study conducted by Uwe Hartmann, Hinnerk Becker, and Claudia Rueffer-Hesse in 1997 and titled "Self and Gender: Narcissistic Pathology and Personality Factors in Gender Dysphoric Patients", published in the "International Journal of Transgenderism", "indicate significant psychopathological aspects and narcissistic dysregulation in a substantial proportion of patients." Are these "psychopathological aspects" merely reactions to underlying physiological realities and changes? Could social ostracism and labeling have induced them in the "patients"? The authors conclude: "The cumulative evidence of our study ... is consistent with the view that gender dysphoria is a disorder of the sense of self as has been proposed by Beitel (1985) or Pfäfflin (1993). The central problem in our patients is about identity and the self in general and the transsexual wish seems to be an attempt at reassuring and stabilizing the self-coherence which in turn can lead to a further destabilization if the self is already too fragile. In this view the body is instrumentalized to create a sense of identity and the splitting symbolized in the hiatus between the rejected body-self and other parts of the self is more between good and bad objects than between masculine and feminine." Freud, Kraft-Ebbing, and Fliess suggested that we are all bisexual to a certain degree. As early as 1910, Dr. Magnus Hirschfeld argued, in Berlin, that absolute genders are "abstractions, invented extremes". The consensus today is that one's sexuality is, mostly, a psychological construct which reflects gender role orientation. Joanne Meyerowitz, a professor of history at Indiana University and the editor of The Journal of American History observes, in her recently published tome, "How Sex Changed: A History of Transsexuality in the United States", that the very meaning of masculinity and femininity is in constant flux. Transgender activists, says Meyerowitz, insist that gender and sexuality represent "distinct analytical categories". The New York Times wrote in its review of the book: "Some male-to-female transsexuals have sex with men and call themselves homosexuals. Some female-to-male transsexuals have sex with women and call themselves lesbians. Some transsexuals call themselves asexual." So, it is all in the mind, you see. This would be taking it too far. A large body of scientific evidence points to the genetic and biological underpinnings of sexual behavior and preferences. The German science magazine, "Geo", reported recently that the males of the fruit fly "drosophila melanogaster" switched from heterosexuality to homosexuality as the temperature in the lab was increased from 19 to 30 degrees Celsius. They reverted to chasing females as it was lowered. The brain structures of homosexual sheep are different to those of straight sheep, a study conducted recently by the Oregon Health & Science University and the U.S. Department of Agriculture Sheep Experiment Station in Dubois, Idaho, revealed. Similar differences were found between gay men and straight ones in 1995 in Holland and elsewhere. The preoptic area of the hypothalamus was larger in heterosexual men than in both homosexual men and straight women. According an article, titled "When Sexual Development Goes Awry", by Suzanne Miller, published in the September 2000 issue of the "World and I", various medical conditions give rise to sexual ambiguity. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), involving excessive androgen production by the adrenal cortex, results in mixed genitalia. A person with the complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) has a vagina, external female genitalia and functioning, androgen-producing, testes - but no uterus or fallopian tubes. People with the rare 5-alpha reductase deficiency syndrome are born with ambiguous genitalia. They appear at first to be girls. At puberty, such a person develops testicles and his clitoris swells and becomes a penis. Hermaphrodites possess both ovaries and testicles (both, in most cases, rather undeveloped). Sometimes the ovaries and testicles are combined into a chimera called ovotestis. Most of these individuals have the chromosomal composition of a woman together with traces of the Y, male, chromosome. All hermaphrodites have a sizable penis, though rarely generate sperm. Some hermaphrodites develop breasts during puberty and menstruate. Very few even get pregnant and give birth. Anne Fausto-Sterling, a developmental geneticist, professor of medical science at Brown University, and author of "Sexing the Body", postulated, in 1993, a continuum of 5 sexes to supplant the current dimorphism: males, merms (male pseudohermaphrodites), herms (true hermaphrodites), ferms (female pseudohermaphrodites), and females. Intersexuality (hermpahroditism) is a natural human state. We are all conceived with the potential to develop into either sex. The embryonic developmental default is female. A series of triggers during the first weeks of pregnancy places the fetus on the path to maleness. In rare cases, some women have a male's genetic makeup (XY chromosomes) and vice versa. But, in the vast majority of cases, one of the sexes is clearly selected. Relics of the stifled sex remain, though. Women have the clitoris as a kind of symbolic penis. Men have breasts (mammary glands) and nipples. The Encyclopedia Britannica 2003 edition describes the formation of ovaries and testes thus: "In the young embryo a pair of gonads develop that are indifferent or neutral, showing no indication whether they are destined to develop into testes or ovaries. There are also two different duct systems, one of which can develop into the female system of oviducts and related apparatus and the other into the male sperm duct system. As development of the embryo proceeds, either the male or the female reproductive tissue differentiates in the originally neutral gonad of the mammal." Yet, sexual preferences, genitalia and even secondary sex characteristics, such as facial and pubic hair are first order phenomena. Can genetics and biology account for male and female behavior patterns and social interactions ("gender identity")? Can the multi-tiered complexity and richness of human masculinity and femininity arise from simpler, deterministic, building blocks? Sociobiologists would have us think so. For instance: the fact that we are mammals is astonishingly often overlooked. Most mammalian families are composed of mother and offspring. Males are peripatetic absentees. Arguably, high rates of divorce and birth out of wedlock coupled with rising promiscuity merely reinstate this natural "default mode", observes Lionel Tiger, a professor of anthropology at Rutgers University in New Jersey. That three quarters of all divorces are initiated by women tends to support this view. Furthermore, gender identity is determined during gestation, claim some scholars. Milton Diamond of the University of Hawaii and Dr. Keith Sigmundson, a practicing psychiatrist, studied the much-celebrated John/Joan case. An accidentally castrated normal male was surgically modified to look female, and raised as a girl but to no avail. He reverted to being a male at puberty. His gender identity seems to have been inborn (assuming he was not subjected to conflicting cues from his human environment). The case is extensively described in John Colapinto's tome "As Nature Made Him: The Boy Who Was Raised as a Girl". HealthScoutNews cited a study published in the November 2002 issue of "Child Development". The researchers, from City University of London, found that the level of maternal testosterone during pregnancy affects the behavior of neonatal girls and renders it more masculine. "High testosterone" girls "enjoy activities typically considered male behavior, like playing with trucks or guns". Boys' behavior remains unaltered, according to the study. Yet, other scholars, like John Money, insist that newborns are a "blank slate" as far as their gender identity is concerned. This is also the prevailing view. Gender and sex-role identities, we are taught, are fully formed in a process of socialization which ends by the third year of life. The Encyclopedia Britannica 2003 edition sums it up thus: "Like an individual's concept of his or her sex role, gender identity develops by means of parental example, social reinforcement, and language. Parents teach sex-appropriate behavior to their children from an early age, and this behavior is reinforced as the child grows older and enters a wider social world. As the child acquires language, he also learns very early the distinction between "he" and "she" and understands which pertains to him- or herself." So, which is it - nature or nurture? There is no disputing the fact that our sexual physiology and, in all probability, our sexual preferences are determined in the womb. Men and women are different - physiologically and, as a result, also psychologically. Society, through its agents - foremost amongst which are family, peers, and teachers - represses or encourages these genetic propensities. It does so by propagating "gender roles" - gender-specific lists of alleged traits, permissible behavior patterns, and prescriptive morals and norms. Our "gender identity" or "sex role" is shorthand for the way we make use of our natural genotypic-phenotypic endowments in conformity with social-cultural "gender roles". Inevitably as the composition and bias of these lists change, so does the meaning of being "male" or "female". Gender roles are constantly redefined by tectonic shifts in the definition and functioning of basic social units, such as the nuclear family and the workplace. The cross-fertilization of gender-related cultural memes renders "masculinity" and "femininity" fluid concepts. One's sex equals one's bodily equipment, an objective, finite, and, usually, immutable inventory. But our endowments can be put to many uses, in different cognitive and affective contexts, and subject to varying exegetic frameworks. As opposed to "sex" - "gender" is, therefore, a socio-cultural narrative. Both heterosexual and homosexual men ejaculate. Both straight and lesbian women climax. What distinguishes them from each other are subjective introjects of socio-cultural conventions, not objective, immutable "facts". In "The New Gender Wars", published in the November/December 2000 issue of "Psychology Today", Sarah Blustain sums up the "bio-social" model proposed by Mice Eagly, a professor of psychology at Northwestern University and a former student of his, Wendy Wood, now a professor at the Texas A&M University: "Like (the evolutionary psychologists), Eagly and Wood reject social constructionist notions that all gender differences are created by culture. But to the question of where they come from, they answer differently: not our genes but our roles in society. This narrative focuses on how societies respond to the basic biological differences - men's strength and women's reproductive capabilities - and how they encourage men and women to follow certain patterns. 'If you're spending a lot of time nursing your kid', explains Wood, 'then you don't have the opportunity to devote large amounts of time to developing specialized skills and engaging tasks outside of the home'. And, adds Eagly, 'if women are charged with caring for infants, what happens is that women are more nurturing. Societies have to make the adult system work [so] socialization of girls is arranged to give them experience in nurturing'. According to this interpretation, as the environment changes, so will the range and texture of gender differences. At a time in Western countries when female reproduction is extremely low, nursing is totally optional, childcare alternatives are many, and mechanization lessens the importance of male size and strength, women are no longer restricted as much by their smaller size and by child-bearing. That means, argue Eagly and Wood, that role structures for men and women will change and, not surprisingly, the way we socialize people in these new roles will change too. (Indeed, says Wood, 'sex differences seem to be reduced in societies where men and women have similar status,' she says. If you're looking to live in more gender-neutral environment, try Scandinavia.)"