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THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Intake of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide are the primary functions of the respiratory system. The respiratory system carries out these life-sustaining acts in close coordination with the circulatory system. Most of the time, we remain blissfully unaware of these automatic functions. The respiratory organs deliver oxygen to the circulatory system. The circulatory system transports the oxygen to all body cells. Oxygen is used by cells to liberate the energy needed for cellular activities. The respiratory system also removes carbon dioxide. Thus, the circulatory system prevents the buildup of this lethal waste byproduct in the body tissues. Irreversible damage to tissues can occur if the respiratory system is halted even for a few minutes. This can cause failure of all the other body systems. The consequence is death! NOSE COMMENCES THE RESPIRATORY PROCESS The respiratory system begins from the nose. It ends in the lungs. The respiratory system is broadly divided into two parts, viz., the upper and the lower respiratory tracts. The upper respirator tract is made up of the nose and the throat (pharynx). The lower respiratory tract includes five organs. They are the voice box (larynx), and the windpipe (trachea), bronchi, bronchioles and the lungs. The trachea splits into the two branches called bronchi. The bronchi further gets divided into further smaller branches called bronchioles. The lungs are a pair of spongy saclike organs. The bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx and the nose transport air to and from the lungs. It is the lungs that interact with the circulatory system for delivering oxygen and removing carbon dioxide from the lungs. THE RESPIRATION PROCESS Respiration is a two-pronged process. It involves the respiratory and the circulatory systems. Respiration connotes the coordinated functioning whereby the cells are delivered oxygen and the lethal carbon dioxide is removed. The first phase: The nose begins the first phase of respiration. This is done with inhaling or inhalation (breathing in). The process brings in air along with oxygen from outside the body into the lungs. From the lungs, oxygen goes via the blood vessels to the heart. The heart pumps the oxygen-rich blood to all parts of the body. The first phase of respiration ends with the oxygen moving into the cells from the bloodstream. The second phase: The second phase commences after the oxygen gets into the cells. The cells use the oxygen to produce energy. This independent process is called cellular respiration. It produces the byproduct -- carbon dioxide. The accumulated carbon dioxide now moves from the cells to the bloodstream. Next, the bloodstream transports the carbon dioxide to the heart. Then, the carbon dioxide-laden blood is pumped back to the lungs. The third phase: Again the nose comes into picture during this stage. The lungs push the byproduct to the nose from where it is exhaled or breathed out. This is the final or the third stage when the body gets rid of the carbon dioxide. At the end of the third stage or the entire respiratory cycle another one starts automatically. OTHER FUNCTIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM The respiratory system further regulates the balance of acid and base in tissues. This balancing act is crucial for the normal functioning of cells. It protects the body against disease-causing organisms and toxic substances inhaled with air. The respiratory system also houses the cells that detect smell. Moreover, the respiratory system assists in the production of sounds for speech. THE OLFACTORY NERVE The brownish olfactory nerve is also called olfactory receptors. The olfactory nerve inside the nose is the main nerve of smell. The olfactory region is made up of thick nasal soft mucous membrane. Its brownish color is because of a pigment. The olfactory nerve ends in minute varicose fibers (several small branches). These fibers ultimately conclude in the epithelial cells. Mentionably, the epithelial cells project into the nasal free surface. The olfactory nerve is the first to know of any chemicals that may enter the nasal passages. The receptors immediately trigger off a signal to the brain. This creates the smell perception. THE ESOPHAGUS Esophagus is a muscular tube. The esophagus carries food from the throat to the stomach. The esophagus and the pharynx situated behind the mouth swallow the food and move it to the stomach. The stomach temporarily stores the food, mixes it with digestive juices, and carries out some digestion. The esophagus also holds the stomach contents in place. Actually, this function is carried out by the lower esophageal sphincter. This sphincter is a muscle. It is located at the lower end of the esophagus. THE PHARYNX The pharynx is a passageway for both air and food. The pharynx connects the nose and mouth with the windpipe (trachea) and the food pipe (esophagus). The pharynx is a muscular tube. The pharynx is located within the neck. The pharynx is lined with a mucous membrane. The pharynx is approximately five inches (13 cm) in length. The pharynx lies in the front of the spinal column. The upper portion of the pharynx is known as nasopharynx. The name arises as it begins in the back of the nasal cavity.. The lower part is oropharynx. It points to that area in the back of the mouth. The pharynx ends at the epiglottis. Epiglottis is a flap of cartilage. Epiglottis prevents food from entering the trachea. However, the epiglottis allows the food to enter the esophagus. Two eustachian tubes connect the pharynx to the middle ear. These eustachian equalizes the eardrums air pressure. The pharynx can be infected via the mouth as well as the nose. Sore throat involves pharynx infection (pharyngitis) or throat inflammation. Pharyngitis can be due to infectious mononucleosis, herpes, and viral infections. The viral infections are German measles (rubella), influenza, and common cold. It can also be caused by bacteria like staphylococcal, streptococcal, chlamydial, and diphtherial. These bacteria multiply cause sore throat by multiplying rapidly within the pharynx. Tonsils and Adenoids Among the adults the pharynx contains the tonsils, while among the children the pharynx contains the adenoids. Tonsils: Tonsils are lymphoid tissues at the back of the throat. Tonsils form a tissue ring around the pharynx or the throat. Tonsils are cells. Tonsils are similar to the bloodstream lymphocytes. Tonsils are embedded in fibrous connective tissues. Tonsils are covered by a single epithelium layer. The lymphoid cells are phagocytic. The cells protect the pharynx from bacteria that can cause diseases. Tonsils may become inflamed and chronically or acutely infected. This condition is called tonsillitis. It is generally caused by streptococcus infection. During tonsillitis and streptococcal, the tissues surrounding the tonsils form pus. Then a whitish coat forms over the tonsils which can appear as white specks. This state is called quinsy. When the pharyngeal tonsils become inflamed they become abnormally large. They are called adenoids. Acute cases of tonsillitis are often treated by antibiotics like penicillin. Chronic recurrent tonsillitis may be treated by tonsillectomy (surgical removal of the tonsils). Adenoids: Adenoids are lymphoid tissue at the back of the throat. Adenoids usually shrink and disappear by adolescence. Enlargement of this tissue is common among children. Such a state can interfere with breathing. Symptoms of enlarged adenoids include restless sleep, snoring, breathing via mouth, and a nasal voice. Earlier, these tissues were removed in children. It was thought that inflamed adenoids led to recurrent colds and infections. Nowadays, this condition is recognized as benign. As a result, there are lesser adenoidectomies. THE LARYNX From the pharynx, the inhaled air moves to the larynx. The larynx is about five inches (13 cm) in length. The larynx is located in the central part of the neck. The larynx is made up of several layers of flexible but tough cartilage, a tissue. Mentionably, during puberty the males experience a protrusion of the cartilage. This enlarged prominent extension at the neck is called the Adam’s apple. FUNCTIONS OF THE LARYNX The larynx primarily transports air to the wind pipe (trachea). Besides, the larynx also helps in producing the sounds. The epiglottis -- a leaflike thin tissue portion of the larynx -- further prevents the food from entering the trachea (thus obviating the possibility of choking). Moreover, the cilia cells as well as the mucous membrane of the larynx also filter air. The cilia cells take the airborne substances towards the pharynx where they are swallowed. The epiglottis: The epiglottis stem is attached to the top and the front portions of the larynx. When the epiglottis remains in a vertical position, it acts like a trap door. This happens during the breathing process. But as a person starts swallowing, a reflexive action forces the epiglottis and the larynx to move near each other toward each other. This coming closer of the epiglottis and the larynx forms a protective seal. As a result, the fluids and food are specifically sent towards the food pipe (esophagus). When the reflexive action doesn’t work: What happens when the reflexive action doesn’t function is that the food can enter the larynx. This happens when one eats the meal fats or when one laughs while swallowing. The result is that there will be a recurrent cough impelled choking effect. At times this apparently simple choking effect can even be life-threatening. The cough is the body’s reflexive action to clear the larynx of the impediment. Whenever such choking takes place, someone must thump the back portion between the shoulder blades several times. This will help the person to get over the choking effect. The Heimlich maneuver: The Heimlich maneuver clears the windpipe of obstructions like food or fluid. The first-aid providing person applies thrusts in quick and in upward motion at the patient’s abdomen. The objective is to expel the object stuck at the trachea (windpipe). Standing behind the victim, the person keeps both his arms across the patient’s waist. Then, he places the fist of one hand below the rib cage and a bit above the navel. All the while, he keeps the thumb against the patient’s body. He uses the other hand for holding the fist and for applying pressure. Next, he puts quick pressure on the abdomen. The pressure is put in an inward and an upward motion. This fast recurrent action forces the lung air to get rid of the substance blocking the windpipe. However, in cases where the patient cannot stand still, is overweight, faints following the choking effect, the Heimlich maneuver is done in a different manner. The patient is made to lie face down. The first-aid provider carries on the process with the heel of a hand. Important: Nonetheless, it is important that the person does not put undue pressure on the rib cage. This is especially true when the patient is a child or an elderly person. Too much pressure can break ribs. Pertaining to pregnant woman or overweight people, the first-aid provider must place his hands only on the lower half of the breastbone (sternum) while carrying out the maneuver. In acute choking, tracheotomy (a surgical procedure) is undertaken to carry out bypass of the larynx. This operation brings in air to the trachea. TRACHEA, BRONCHI, AND BRONCHIOLES The trachea is another tube measuring approximately six inches (15 cm). The trachea is located below the larynx. From the larynx the air passes on to the trachea. About 20 sturdy C-shaped cartilage rings constitute the trachea. These rings help to keep the trachea open. In the process, air gets transported unhindered. While the unfastened cartilage is located at the trachea’s back portion, their ends are linked to each other by muscle tissues. Bronchi & bronchioles: The trachea base is situated at the portion where the neck meets the body trunk. At this juncture, the trachea splits into the right and the left bronchi. These bronchi transport air to the right and left lungs respectively. Inside the lungs, these bronchi again break up into smaller tubes -- the bronchioles. In fact, the respiratory system’s cleansing process is carried out by those bronchioles that are situated at the initial part, bronchi, and the trachea. These organs carry out the cleansing process via the mucous membrane linings as well as the ciliated cells. These cilia and the lining push the mucus upward towards the pharynx. Alveoli & capillaries: Alveoli are minute sacs inside the lungs. Most of the alveoli are lung tissues. Alveoli are formed by the bronchioles as they divide several times. The alveoli along with the bronchioles resemble a tree. The alveoli are only 0.02 inches (0.5 mm) in diameter. There are about 150 million alveoli in each lung. The alveoli carry out a dual function. While providing oxygen to the circulatory system, they also remove carbon dioxide from the lungs. The thin elastic alveoli walls expand when air moves into them. The walls collapse to exhale the air. The alveoli remain in clusters like the grapes. Each cluster is surrounded by capillaries. The capillaries are thin-walled and form a dense net of tiny hairs. The alveoli wall air is generally located 0.2 microns away from the blood carried by the capillary. Mentionably, the alveoli have more oxygen concentration then the capillaries. So, oxygen disseminates to capillaries from alveoli. Through the capillaries, oxygen goes to the larger vessels. These vessels then transport the oxygenated blood to the heart. Next, the heart pumps the cleaned blood to the other parts of the body. Macrophages: Among the alveoli are interspersed many macrophages. The macrophages are blood cells. These large white cells act as the last sentinels of the respiratory system among the alveoli. The macrophages segregate the foreign elements which may have passed through the earlier filtration process. This last line of defense ensures that the alveoli are not infected. Carbon dioxide disposal: The cells from across the body dump Carbon dioxide as a waste product. It is dumped in the bloodstream. The blood carries Carbon dioxide into the heart. From the heart, the Carbon dioxide moves to the alveolar capillaries. Notably, the capillaries have more concentration of carbon dioxide than the alveoli. So, carbon dioxide gets diffused into the alveoli from the capillaries. 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Throughout the ages mankind has always been ready to make up for any lack of knowledge with a combination of intuition, deduction, observation and outright invention that is usually called myth. Myths are stories that are based to a certain degree on what men understood from the facts before them. Their purpose is to fill a gap either in knowledge or in morals. A good example of a widespread myth that has no real basis and is meant to enforce a certain type of behavior is the old saying that masturbation makes men go blind. In fact a Swiss physician Samuel-Auguste Tissot said in 1760 that his studies proved that masturbation causes a perceptible reduction of strength, of memory and even of reason, blurred vision, all the nervous disorders, weakening of the sex organs disturbance of the appetite, headaches and a great number of other disorders. It goes without saying that most men living today know better than to believe that. But grown men themselves are not spared the fear that myths are supposed to put into their souls. Another widespread myth claims that lack of sex over a longer period of time would certainly cause the penis or testicles to shrink. However, neither penis nor testicles size is in no way linked to the frequency of sex sessions or anything else of this kind. Another all-time favorite is the series of myths linking penis size to that of another part of the body, usually the hands or feet. Again, there is no scientific evidence that penis size is related to that of any part of the body. Actually, studies conducted by experts found a weak correlation at most between the size of the penis and the size of a man’s feet. This means that the rule is good for, probably, one man in a hundred. Less known myths also have their fans. Some men think that drinking water can help enlarge the penis, which is not true. While other muscles in the body can grow in size with the help of extra oxygen and water delivered by supplements or pills, this is not the case with the penis. The sponge-like tissues called Corpora Cavernosa are not designed to hold blood or any other liquid permanently, but only as long as sexual stimulation occurs. While penis enlargement exercises share some features with the regular body building techniques, adding water to gain size is not among them. Penis exercises work by forcing the cells that make up the penis tissues to grown in number, using the body’s own mechanism of adapting to external pressure. The pace of the enlargement process can be increased with the help of penis enlargement pills that boost the flow of blood to the genital area and make sure production of testosterone by the body is at the right level. The bottom line is, of course, that nobody should put any stock in myths. Most of them distort facts to achieve a certain end and should not be trusted. If you are not certain about the effect that some thing or other has on your penis size or sex life, then it’s better to ask a professional, preferably a doctor. This way you’ll find that many myths regarding the penis are just that: myths. vimax extender plus vig rx penis enlargement natural penile enlargment pills penile enlargment surgery picture vimax penis enlargement fact penis enlagement supplement pnis enlargement program pnis enlargement program

Hemorrhoids are masses or clumps of tissue within the anal canal that are made up off blood vessels and supporting tissue, which is made up of muscle and elastic fibers. The anal canal is the last four centimeters that stool passes from the rectum. Even though people assume that hemorrhoids are abnormal, everyone has them. It is only when they become enlarged are they considered abnormal or a disease. Only about four percent of the public experience problems with hemorrhoids. They are found equally in men and woman and usually occur when a person is between 45-65 years old. It is unknown what truly causes hemorrhoids to enlarge, but there are many theories. The high intake of fiber could be one. It is theories that they are caused from sitting too long on the toilet or having chronic constipation. The only clear theory is pregnancy. It is not clear why, but it is common in pregnant woman. Tumors that are in the pelvis area can cause the enlargement because they press on the veins. Another theory is from the force of hard stool. The passing through the canal, it can drag the hemorrhoid cushions downward. Sometimes with age, the hemorrhoid tissue begins to deteriorate and slides down the anal canal. Some of the symptoms of hemorrhoids are when you get pains in your lower abdomen or when you feel pressure near the intestines. When the hemorrhoid continues to enlarge, it will pull down a portion of the rectum lining and protrude from the anus. This is called relapsing internal hemorrhoid. You may also find blood in stool. This is a sign of hemorrhoids. You may also experience anal itchiness, but this is less common. Sometimes mucus secretes from the rectal lining, it will cause the area to be constantly moist, and that will cause itching. Hemorrhoids do require some medical attention, because they can cause gangrene. In general, if you feel any bulges or pressure near the anus, you could have hemorrhoids. When they are smaller, you may not feel anything because they have no effect on the function of the anus. External hemorrhoids are the ones that can cause the most problems. It can be very painful and requires medical attention. External hemorrhoids will heal, eventually, but scarring or discomfort when bathing maybe a side effect. When you seek medical attention, your doctor will put you on a grading system. First-degree hemorrhoids will bleed but not protrude from the anus. Second-degree hemorrhoids are protruding, but retract by them and can bleed. Third degree hemorrhoids are protruding and can be pushed back with a finger. The fourth degree hemorrhoid is protruding and cannot be pushed back in. They contain blood clots and pull much of the rectum through the anus. penis enhancement product male penile enlargement penis enlargment before and after photo free penis elargement top penis enlagement pills herbal penis enargement truth about penis enlagement pills do penis enlargment pills really work pnis enlargement program

What does ancient horsetail have to do with hair loss treatment? Horsetail is only one of the oldest forms of plant life on the planet! This simplest of plants, a pale green reed, grows all over the world in damp ditches and moist ground. Some have taken it from the wild and transplanted it for its primitive appeal, but there is more to it than its arty profile in the garden, especially if you're suffering from any form of hair loss. It is perfectly hollow as a drinking straw, with a moist and silky interior lining. This is where the natural silica lies, along the inside lining, pale green to glistening white. Because of the extra-fine silica within horsetail, it has been effective in strengthening hair growth, nails and teeth. The body easily absorbs the microscopic silica. Usually, it is not a singular treatment for hair loss but is added to enrich natural hair loss formulas that are taken orally. It is present in several hair restoration complexes that have impressive records of success and replenishment. In taking horsetail, one needs to be careful not to ingest too much tea or tablet, because it is a source of nicotine. Presently, the freeze-dried capsule is the most potent form of this reed that was brushing the toes of the dinosaurs. Liquid extract is also available and should be diluted in water and drank. Some prefer to make a tea from dried horsetail: one Tablespoon of crushed herb to one Cup of hot, not boiling, water. A scant teaspoon of sugar is said to aid the release of silica. Whereas Horsetail was traditionally used in homeopathic medicine as a bone-strengthener, Flaxseed Oil has a different story. It is a rich source of lignans. Lignans are a substance that has corrected Prostate problems, specifically benign enlargement. Lignans are known to positively affect hormone-related problems-and that includes Male Pattern Hair Loss (MPHL). Male Pattern Hair Loss is often caused by a specific hormone problem, when Testosterone morphs into Dehydrotestosterone (DHT). DHT usually plagues the hair follicles of men who are experiencing serious hair loss. Flax seed oil is thought to be an inhibitor of DHT. It has not been proven in a laboratory study, but some bright, investigative type will discover the evidence soon. Scientists in clinical studies have found that certain drugs, which are excellent in treating the enlarged benign prostate, are also effective in halting hair loss. That is, they make good hair loss treatment remedies! Medical scientific research has yet to pay close attention to the fact that there are quite a few natural herbals that have proven most effective in treating prostate enlargement. Homeopathic apothecaries and pharmacists believe that if a natural drug works to correct hormonal alterations and aberrations, including BPH (Benign Prostate Hyperplasia), then they may also stop Male Pattern Hair Loss. Go figure! Often, these natural herbals become more powerful as complexes with greater results when joined together. Horsetail and Flax Seed Oil are like that. What is most remarkable about treating hair loss with natural botanicals? Instead of suffering unexpected side effects, you get the additional benefits for which the herb was traditionally administered! free exercise tip for penis enlargment com enlargment penile penile pump enlagement penis pill vimax safe pnis enlargement vimax enlargement manhattan penis surgeon natural penis enlarement and lengthening vimax natural penis enlargement penis enargement result pnis enlargement program

Many physicians recommend EKGs as a preventative-screening tool for those with a family history of heart disease. While a healthy person does not need an EKG as a part of an annual exam, many physicians will recommend an EKG if they have concerns. If a patient complains of chest pain, palpitations or other indicators of heart problems, the physician will likely recommend an immediate EKG test. Depending on the severity of the situation, your doctor may refer you to a local testing center immediately or ask you to schedule the next available appointment. An abnormal EKG is determined by comparing the results of your EKG graph with a standard or normal heart graph. Spikes and dips within the graph are referred to as P, QR and PR and other similar acronyms. Normal EKG readings show a slight flat-dip in between contractions and relaxations. If these flat-dips are not present, it may be an indication of a more serious problem. Normal EKG readings will have spikes and dips too. Myocardial defects, heart valve disease, enlargement of the heart, inflammation of the heart, coronary artery disease, and past, pending or impending heart attacks are only a few of the problems that EKG’s can help to detect. The conditions in which the EKG is performed can also have an impact on the accuracy of the results. Some heart problems are not present all of the time and therefore may not appear in EKG results. In cases where heart problems are suspected but not detected on the EKG, a Holter monitor may be recommended. This monitor is worn, usually for a period of 24 to 48 hours and serves as a type of mini-EKG test. The patient wears the monitor at home and it continuously records heart activity. Doctors also recommend that the patient be relaxed during the exam because any muscle trembling or contractions can alter the results and produce an inaccurate reading. Many people are surprised to learn that they have had an abnormal EKG reading. What is even more surprising is that when presented with abnormal EKG results, some doctors do not seem concerned. It doe not necessarily mean they are inadequate or uncaring physicians, it is more likely they believe something else has caused the abnormal reading. Most will want to pursue further testing or another EKG. Sometimes an event as simple as low blood sugar can have an altering affect and produce false EKG readings. Other times, abnormal EKGs require further testing to determine what, if any, problems actually exist.